150.2 km from 141.2 km from 2008). 2). Yushiro Fujii, Kenji Satake, Shingo Watada, Tung-Cheng Ho, Slip distribution of the 2005 Nias earthquake (Mw 8.6) inferred from geodetic and far-field tsunami data, Geophysical Journal International, Volume 223, Issue 2, November 2020, Pages 1162–1171, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa384. The 30 arcsec bathymetry grid data from GEBCO 2014 (Weatherall et al. The obtained slip distribution reproduced well the OBPG tsunami waveforms at the Syowa Base in Antarctica, which is located at distances of more than 8800 km. 2002) inferred from teleseismic body waves shows deep slips of up to 9 m. Two large slip patches, with maximum slips of 15 and 9 m, were estimated beneath Simeulue and Nias islands from seismic and geodetic data (Konca et al. It was one of the largest earthquakes in the 21st century. 2019). Or Time Near Epicenter Tue Jul 5 08:52:04 2005. (a) Target slip distribution to be inverted. We refer to the station list from UNESCO/IOC (http://www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org/) for the TG locations. We found a diffused slip (∼2 m over an area of 400 km × 100 km) at deeper parts (20–54 km) of the fault with a large localized slip (7 m over 100 km × 100 km) slightly south of the epicentre. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Plate coupling models have been constructed on the basis of the slip distribution of past earthquakes and current geodetic observations in the region west of Java (Hanifa et al. The observed waveforms (Fig. at 20:59 December 15, 2019 UTC, 2019-11-23 06:31:41 UTC Red and blue lines are calculated waveforms with and without the phase correction, respectively. S4). (93.2 miles), 2020-11-03 16:52:28 UTC 2017) and the 1960 Chile (Valdivia) earthquake (Ho et al. Deeper subfaults 2B–4B are set following the shallower subfaults with the same strike angles. We confirmed that tsunami and geodetic data have good resolutions for shallow and deep subfaults, respectively, and that by jointly inverting these data types the solutions achieved good resolution at both shallow and deep subfaults. The Longitudinal Valley (LV) suture is located in the east side of the CR. 193.2 km from We found the following sensitivity of different weights for the tsunami data. We estimated the slip distribution of the 2005 Nias earthquake (Mw 8.6) using the phase-corrected Green's functions (linear long wave), including the elastic and gravitational coupling effect between the solid earth and the ocean. We found that the largest slip on the deep subfault (3B) was robustly estimated, despite the use of different bathymetry data. This work was supported by JST J-RAPID grant number JPMJJR1805 and by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP16H01838 and 19K04034. 1). (41.2 miles), 2021-01-14 16:50:59 UTC The great M 9.1 earthquake of December 26, 2004, which produced a devastating tsunami, ruptured much of the boundary between Myanmar and Simeulue Island offshore Banda Aceh. More information about the 3.9 magnitude earthquake near Indonesia at 08:37:54 on Feb 25 2021. S2). Epicenter at 0.352, 97.737 Moderate mag. 102.2 km from The red and blue stars are the epicentres of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake and the 2005 Nias earthquake, respectively. 10:1:2 for ASTER, coral and GPS data) the amount of slip in the deep subfault (2B) becomes smaller and makes the reproducibility of the observed geodetic data worse. To estimate the slip distribution on the fault, we divided the fault plane of the 2005 Nias earthquake into eight subfaults (Table 1, and Figs 4 and 5). The calculated displacements using the estimated fault slips obtained by the tsunami waveform inversion and the joint inversion reproduced the measurement data very well and the uplift and subsidence patterns were reasonably well explained (Figs 4 and 5d–f, Supporting Information Fig. Slips smaller than the deep slip were estimated in the shallower subfaults, which may correspond to the source area of the previous 1907 earthquake (Kanamori et al. The earthquake hit in the morning on Tuesday 3 November 2020 at 8.51 am local time at a shallow depth of 14 km. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 11(3), 216-226. Note that the subsidence at SAMP compared to uplift for similarly located stations for the other events. (100.2 miles), 2019-11-09 14:17:00 UTC Comparison of the observed geodetic data and calculated ones from different inversions using (a) tsunami data, (b) geodetic data and (c) joint data. Thick lines in black and grey are observed waveforms, used and not used for the inversions. at 05:57 June 03, 2019 UTC, Location: Copyright © 2021 The Royal Astronomical Society. at 04:57 February 15, 2021 UTC, Location: Singkil at 05:55 February 12, 2020 UTC, Location: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (. at 16:34 March 11, 2019 UTC, Location: A magnitude 6.7 earthquake IN THE NIAS REGION, INDONESIA has occurred at: 1.90N 97.10E Depth 30km Tue Jul 5 01:52:04 2005 UTC. The USGS finite-fault model (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20050328160936530_30/finite-fault, Ji et al. (2017) to also include the effect of stratified ocean water layers. Immediately to the south of the great 2004 earthquake, the M 8.6 Nias Island earthquake of March 28, 2005 ruptured a 400-km section between Simeulue and the Batu Islands. #: subfault number. The 2005 tsunami was also recorded at two far-field OBPG stations, near (BPG1) and off-shore (BPG2) the Syowa Base in Antarctica, which also recorded the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake tsunami (Nawa et al. 2006; Qiu et al. History of the earthquake and place. (86.2 miles), 2019-10-15 18:56:48 UTC 2017). 5. (45.2 miles), 2019-11-06 13:53:37 UTC Observed data at an OBPG off-shore the Syowa Base were provided by the National Institute of Polar Research (NiPR). A "great" earthquake struck the Banyak, Nias and Simeulue Islands off the west coast of Sumatra on 28 March 2005 at local time. 192.2 km from (b) Slips inverted from synthetic tsunami waveform data. On the Indonesian island of Nias, off the coast of Sumatra, hundreds of buildings were destroyed by the earthquake. Singkil The earthquake had a magnitude of Mw=8.7 and caused considerable damage to life & property in the region. We corrected the computed tsunami Green's functions for the elastic and gravitational coupling effect in the tsunami waveform inversion. (2014) to calculate the phase differences. Slip distributions inferred from tsunami data are shown by colour blocks for recent earthquakes: the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake (Fujii & Satake 2007), the 2006 West Java tsunami earthquake (Fujii & Satake 2006), the 2007 Bengkulu earthquake (Fujii & Satake 2008) and the 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake (Satake et al. 139.2 km from Comparison of observed and calculated tsunami waveforms at (a) TGs from tsunami waveform inversion, (b) joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data, (c) at OBPGs near the Syowa Base from tsunami waveform inversion and (d) joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data. (2005) with varying sampling intervals of ∼3–6 min. These maximum slip amounts are relatively small for an earthquake with Mw 8.6 and consistent with relatively small tsunami runup heights. at 22:01 July 26, 2020 UTC, Location: lands were shaken b y an M = 8.7 earthquake with a depth of 30 km. The OBPG data weights were 10 times larger than the TG data weights because the amplitudes of the OBPG data were smaller than those of the TG data by an order of magnitude. When we give larger weights to TG (e.g. At OBPGs in Antarctica (Fig. Padangsidempuan We applied the phase-correction method of Watada et al. Padangsidempuan Site numbers correspond to the location points of the original measurements listed in tables S1 and S2 of Briggs et al. Figure S4. Padangsidempuan Subscribe to ad-free EarthquakeTrack Plus for the best earthquake tracking experience plus additional features and subscriber-only perks. The tsunami from the 2005 earthquake caused significantly less damage than the 2004 tsunami, yet was recorded at tide gauges and ocean bottom pressure gauges around the Indian Ocean, including the coasts of Africa and Antarctica. The slip distributions estimated from different data sets, that is, from the tsunami waveform inversion, geodetic inversion and joint inversion, all showed a common feature: large slips concentrate in the deeper subfaults (Figs 5a–c). Thick lines in grey are the observed waveforms (which were not used for the inversion). The subfaults were placed to cover the 1-d aftershock area (Fig. A magnitude 5.6 earthquake OFF THE W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA has occurred at: 2.79N 94.16E Depth 30km Mon Jun 13 19:59:53 2005 UTC. The Cocos TG data (1-min sampling) were provided by the National Tide Center, Australia. Epicenter at 0.353, 97.724 The residuals of the original records from the fitted functions were used as observed tsunami waveforms. Epicenter at 1.705, 97.112 frequency earthquakes (LFEs) within 700‐s of triggered tremor signals in the Southern Central Range in Taiwan dur-ing the surface waves of the 2005 Mw8.6 Nias earthquake off the coast of northern Sumatra. For the tsunami waveform inversion, the method of Fujii & Satake (2007) was applied to simultaneously estimate the slip amount for each subfault and its error by using the non-negative least-squares method (Lawson & Hanson 1974) and the delete-half jackknife method (Tichelaar & Ruff 1989), respectively. Lat., Lon., and Depth: location of the south corner of each subfault. This demonstrates that far-field tsunami waveforms, once corrected for propagation effects, can be used to estimate the slip distribution of large submarine earthquakes leading to results that are similar to those obtained using sparse local geodetic data. 1:20 for TG:OBPG), the northeastern slip on subfault (1B) becomes smaller and the large deep slip on subfault (3B) becomes larger. (70.2 miles), 2020-04-25 00:30:09 UTC Around Pointe La Rue we do not see much difference in the depth contours between the two sets of bathymetry data, and therefore the faster tsunami arrivals must be caused by the difference in other wider area including the tsunami propagation path to the station from the source. (78.2 miles), 2019-10-16 02:18:21 UTC Immediately to the south of the great 2004 earthquake, the M 8.6 Nias Island earthquake of March 28, 2005 ruptured a 400-km section between Simeulue and the Batu Islands. The synthetic tsunami waveforms from the geodetic inversion almost explained the observed waveforms (Fig. Epicenter at 1.152, 98.784 The bottom edge depths are approximately 20 and 54 km for the shallow and deep subfaults, respectively, which are consistent with the depth contours of the Slab models. Singkil Epicenter at 0.887, 97.066 Figure 2 .2(a) The 2-8 Hz band-pass-filtered north-component seismograms showing tremor triggered by the Nias earthquake. Depth: 30.0 kms (NEIC) Magnitude: Mw 8.7 (HRV), 8.1 (NEIC). 99.2 km from Earthquake with magnitude 8,7 on Richter scale struck Nias on March 28, 2005. Singkil The earthquake had been impacting the whole life of people in Nias, both on the human life and on the natural resources. TG stations (yellow triangles) and far-field stations (purple squares) of two OBPGs, which recorded tsunamis from the 2005 Nias earthquake. 2014). In Indonesia, large interplate earthquakes have repeatedly occurred along the Sunda and Java trenches (Fig. (a) Slip distribution of tsunami inversion. 2006) and GPS data (Kreemer et al. 2019-03-11 16:34:28 UTC 5.4 magnitude, 73 km depth Padangsidempuan, North Sumatra, Indonesia 5.4 magnitude earthquake 2019-03-11 16:34:28 UTC at 16:34 March 11, 2019 UTC Epicenter at 1.445, 97.217 (108.2 miles), 2019-07-09 12:08:20 UTC Inversion using far-field tsunami data yielded a slip distribution similar to that obtained using local geodetic data alone and that from the joint inversion of local geodetic and far-field tsunami data, which is also similar to slip distributions from previous studies based on local geodetic data. 3a) showed maximum amplitudes of 0.1 to 0.3 m at most of the TG stations. 2006) separately and jointly with tsunami data, and compare the slip distribution results. (2006) for ASTER and coral data, and table 1 of Kreemer et al. at 14:06 May 31, 2019 UTC, Location: Tsunamis generated by the 2005 Nias earthquake caused less severe damage compared to the 2004 earthquake, with maximum heights of up to 4.2 m on Simeulue and Nias islands (Borrero et al.
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